Usui and Misaki drawing (June 28 2011)

My Family

I have a very beautiful family and I love each one so much that I can’t express it by writing here. We are a four- member family and everyone in home has got his/her own attitude. Sometimes it clashes and sometimes it matches. Everyone does what he has to. We are two siblings and we have a thing in common that our names start with letter M. My mother is 35 years old. Her name is Maureen. She's warm-hearted. My father, Michael, is two years younger than my mother. He's 33. Next is my parents' youngest daughter. My sister's name is Mareena. She's 10 and she's 2 years younger than me. She's tall and slim. 

Theories on how Earth formed

Plate Tectonics Concentrations of earthquakes outline several large segments of the lithosphere called plates.  The lithospheric plates "float" on the asthenosphere and move about the Earth's surface. Some plates carry whole continents with them. The theory that describes these plates and their movement is called plate tectonics. Moving Plates At the mid-ocean ridges, new rock is produced by volcanism and the plates move away from each other. Where two plates approach each other, one is thrust downward into the mantle where it is heated and melted. 114k JPEG from Earth's Dynamic System.  Image courtesy Center for Earth and Planetary Studies, National Air and Space Museum. On this map of the Earth, each red triangle represents the location of an active volcano.  Volcanoes are concentrated along plate boundaries.  Oceanic ridges are found where plates spread apart (diverge).  Most surface volcanoes are located near converging plate boundaries (subduction zones), where two plates collide and one plate is driven beneath the other.  Exceptions include volcanic Islands in the mid-Pacific Ocean, which are formed as the plate moves over hotspots in the Earth's mantle.   Drifting Continents Two hundred million years ago all the Earth's continents formed a single land mass called Pangea. The continents began to drift apart about 150 million years ago. Today, the drifting continues. For example, every year North America moves 2-3 centimeters (about 1 inch) farther from Europe. Plate Tectonics The popular theory of drifting continents and oceans is called "plate tectonics."1 (Tectonics is the field of geology which studies the processes which deform the earth’s crust.) The general tenets of the popular theory may be stated as follows. The outer lithospheric shell of the earth consists of a mosaic of rigid plates, each in motion relative to adjacent plates. Deformation occurs at the margins of plates by three basic types of motion: horizontal extension, horizontal slipping, and horizontal compression. Sea-floor spreading occurs where two plates are diverging horizontally (e.g., the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and East Pacific Rise) with new material from the earth's mantle being added between them to form a new oceanic crust. Transform faulting occurs where one plate is slipping horizontally past another (e.g., the San Andreas fault of California and the Anatolian fault of northern Turkey). Subduction occurs where two plates are converging with one plate underthrusting the other producing what is supposed to be compressional deformation (e.g., the Peru-Chile Trench and associated Andes Mountains of South America). In conformity with evolutionary-uniformitarian assumption, popular plate tectonic theory supposes that plates move very slowly — about 2 to 18 centimeters per year. At this rate it would take 100 million years to form an ocean basin or mountain range. Fitting of Continents The idea that the continents can be fitted together like a jigsaw puzzle to form a single super continent is an old one. Especially interesting is how the eastern "bulge" of South America can fit into the southwestern "concavity" of Africa. Recent investigators have used computers to fit the continents. The "Bullard fit"2 gives one of the best reconstructions of how Africa, South America, Europe, and North America may have once touched. There are, however, areas of overlap of continents and one large area which must be omitted from consideration (Central America). There are a number of ways to fit Africa, India, Australia, and Antarctica (only one can be correct!). Reconstructions have been shown to be geometrically feasible which are preposterous to continental drift (e.g., rotation of eastern Australia fits nicely into eastern North America).3 Those who appreciate the overall fit of continents call the evidence "compelling," while others who note gaps, overlaps, or emissions remain skeptical. It is difficult to place probability on the accuracy of reconstructions and one's final judgment is largely subjective. Sea-Floor Spreading Evidence suggesting sea-floor spreading is claimed by many geologists to be the most compelling argument for plate tectonics. In the ocean basins along mid-ocean ridges or rises (and in some shallow seas) plates are thought to be diverging slowly and continuously at a rate of several centimeters yearly. Molten material from the earth's mantle is injected continuously between the plates and cools to form new crust. The youngest crust is claimed to be at the crest of the ocean rise or ridge with older crust farther from the crest. At the time of cooling, the rock acquires magnetism from the earth's magnetic field. Since the magnetic field of earth is supposed by many geologists to have reversed numerous times, during some epochs cooling oceanic crust should be reversely magnetized. If sea-floor spreading is continuous, the ocean floor should possess a magnetic "tape recording" of reversals. A "zebra stripe" pattern of linear magnetic anomalies parallel to the ocean ridge crest has been noted in some areas and potassium-argon dating has been alleged to show older rocks farther from the ridge crest. There are some major problems with this classic and "most persuasive" evidence of sea-floor spreading. First the magnetic bands may not form by reversals of the earth's magnetic field. Asymmetry of magnetic stripes, not symmetry, is the normal occurrence.4 It has been argued that the linear patterns can be caused by several complex interacting factors (differences in magnetic susceptibility, magnetic reversals, oriented tectonic stresses).5 Second, it is doubtful that the magnetic anomalies have been successfully dated. Wesson6 says that potassium-argon dating when correctly interpreted shows no evidence of increasing age with distance from the ridge system. The greater argon content (giving older apparent age) of ocean basalt on the flanks of the ocean ridges can be explained easily by the greater depth and pressure at the time of solidification incorporating original magmatic argon.7 Subduction Corollary to the idea of plate accretion by sea-floor spreading is the notion of plate destruction by subduction. (If sea-floor spreading occurs without plate destruction, the quantity of crust will increase and the volume of the earth must increase!). Subduction theory supposes that converging plates are destroyed below ocean trenches. The island arc or coastal mountain range associated with ocean trench subduction zones is claimed to form by compression as one plate is underthrusting another. The plate that is "subducted" below the trench is thought to be remelted at a depth of up to 700 kilometers. Gravity data indicate low density material of crustal character on the landward side below trenches. (Also, deep and high intensity earthquakes (i.e., earthquakes in Alaska, Peru, Nicaragua, etc.) are assumed to indicate break-up of the underthrust plate. Two major difficulties are encountered by models supposing subduction to explain the modern tectonic phenomena in ocean trenches. First, if subduction theory is correct, there should be compressed, deformed, and thrust faulted sediment on the floors of trenches. Studies of the Peru-Chile Trench and the eastern Aleutian Trench,8 however, show soft flat lying sediment without compression structures. Second, seismic first-motion data indicate that modern earthquakes occurring approximately under trenches and island arcs are often tensional, but only rarely compressional.9 dynamo theory proposes a mechanism by which a celestial body such as the Earth or a star generates a magnetic field. The theory describes the process through which a rotating, convecting, and electrically conducting fluid can maintain a magnetic field over astronomical time scales. Dynamo theory describes the process through which a rotating, convecting, and electrically conducting fluid acts to maintain a magnetic field. This theory is used to explain the presence of anomalously long-lived magnetic fields in astrophysical bodies. The conductive fluid in the geodynamo is liquid iron in the outer core, and in the solar dynamo is ionized gas at the tachocline. Dynamo theory of astrophysical bodies uses magnetohydrodynamic equations to investigate how the fluid can continuously regenerate the magnetic field. geosyncline Linear trough of subsidence of the Earth's crust, in which vast amounts of sediment accumulate. The filling of a geosyncline with thousands or tens of thousands of feet of sediment is accompanied by folding, crumpling, and faulting of the deposits. Intrusion of crystalline igneous rock and regional uplift complete the transformation into a belt of folded mountains. The concept was introduced by James Hall in 1859 and is basic to the theory of mountain building.

Sir Ernest Rutherford's life

Sir Ernest RUTHERFORD was born on the 30^th day of August 1871 in Spring Grove, New Zealand. He was educated at Canterbury College in Christchurch (from 1890 to 1894). He is a British Physicist.  He is once a professor of physics at McGill University (from 1898-1907) which was at that time under the directorship of Sir Joseph John Thomson, the leading authority on electromagnetic phenomena. And he also worked as a Director of the Cavendish laboratory. He died in London on the 19^th day of October 1937 because of complications of Surgery. He was buried in Westminster Abbey.

Theory of successive transformations with Frederick Soddy, abolishing idea of performance of atoms.

Frederick Soddy arrived at McGill in 1900 from Oxford, and he collaborated with Rutherford in creating the "disintegration theory" of radioactivity which regards radioactive phenomena as atomic  processes. In 1902, he formulated the transformation theory of radioactivity with Frederick Soddy. This, they said, was a case of artificial disintegration of an element. Unstable, or radioactive, atoms disintegrated spontaneously; but here a stable nucleus was disrupted by the alpha particle, and a proton was one of the pieces broken off. They explained that radioactivity is due to the transmutation of elements, now known to involve nuclear reactions.

Identification of Alpha, Beta radiation

Rutherford discovered and named alpha and beta decay and coined the terms alpha, beta, and gamma rays. He demonstrated radioactivity was the spontaneous disintegration of atoms and was the first person to artificially disintegrate an element. He identified alpha particles as helium nuclei.

Nuclear theory of the atom

Ernest Rutherford publishes his atomic theory describing the atom as having a central positive nucleus surrounded by negative orbiting electrons. Ernest Rutherford suggested that most of the mass of the atom was contained in the small nucleus, and that the rest of the atom was mostly empty space. Rutherford came to this conclusion following the results of his famous gold foil experiment. This experiment involved the firing of radioactive particles through minutely thin metal foils (notably gold) and detecting them using screens coated with zinc sulfide (a scintillator). Rutherford found that although the vast majority of particles passed straight through the foil approximately 1 in 8000 were deflected leading him to his theory that most of the atom was made up of 'empty space'.

First observation of artificial transmutation, in alpha particle bombardment of nitrogen

After the war, already in 1919, first artificial transmutation carries out his. After to observe protons produced by bombing of hydrogen of alpha particles (when observing the blinker that produces in screens covered with zinc sulfide), that occurs to account of obtains many of those blinkers if it still more realizes the same experiment with air and with pure nitrogen. It deduces of it that the alpha particles, when striking the nitrogen atoms, have produced a proton, that is to say that the nitrogen core has changed of nature and it has been transformed into oxygen, when absorbing the alpha particle. Rutherford finished producing the first artificial transmutation of history. Some think that she was the first alchemist who secured his target. Plum Pudding.

Life and works of Homer, Thales and Aristotle

Homer was the most important and earliest of the Greek and Roman writers. He was born in Ionia in c. 800 BC. He’s nationality is Ancient Greece and he is a Pagan. Both Homer and Hesiod described a flat disc cosmography on the shield of Achilles. This poetic tradition of a earth-encircling (gaiaokhos) sea (Oceanus) and a flat disc also appears in Stasinus of Cyprus, Mimnermus, Aristophanes, and Apollonius Rhodius. Homer's description of the flat disc cosmography on the shield of Achilles with the encircling ocean is also found repeated far later in Quintus Smyrnaeus’ Posthomerica (4th century AD) which continues the narration of the Trojan War.
Thales of Miletus was born around 624BC, the son of Examyes and Cleobuline.He was born in Asia Minor (now Turkey). He’s nationality is Greek. In De Caelo Aristotle wrote: ‘This [opinion that the earth rests on water] is the most ancient explanation which has come down to us, and is attributed to Thales of Miletus (Cael. 294 a28-30). He explained his theory by adding the analogy that the earth is at rest because it is of the nature of wood and similar substances which have the capacity to float on water, although not on air (Cael. 294 a30-b1). In Metaphysics (983 b21) Aristotle stated, quite unequivocally: ‘Thales . . . declared that the earth rests on water’. This concept does appear to be at odds with natural expectations, and Aristotle expressed his difficulty with Thales’s theory (Cael. 294 a33-294 b6).
Aristotle, one of Plato's greatest students, was born in 384 BC in Stagirus. Aristotle's father was a physician to the king of Mecadonia, and when Aristotle was seven years old, his father sent him to study at the Academy. He’s Nationality is Greek. Aristotle proposed a spherical Earth as he observed the curved shadow of the Earth during the Lunar eclipse. Since this could only happen on a curved surface, he too believed Earth was a sphere "of no great size, for otherwise the effect of so slight a change of place would not be quickly apparent." Aristotle provided physical and observational arguments supporting the idea of a spherical Earth:

• Every portion of the Earth tends toward the center until by compression and convergence they form a sphere. (De caelo, 297a9–21)
• Travelers going south see southern constellations rise higher above the horizon; and
• The shadow of Earth on the Moon during a lunar eclipse is round. (De caelo, 297b31–298a10)

Life of Homer, Thales and Aristotle

Ancient Greek science and philosophy were radical innovations, but they did not emerge from a void. This chapter will first look at the way in which the world was conceived and understood, around 800 bce , in the poems of Homer and Hesiod. These poems soon came to be taken as canonical: in archaic Greece, and right down to the end of the fifth century, to know and understand Homer and Hesiod was the accepted test of an educated person. This canonical status was not created or enforced by political or economic power. Apart from their poetic achievement, the conception of the world and of human life that they provided was one that was found convincing, authoritative, and comprehensive by successive generations. Their way of representing the world, and the god-given authority they claimed for their statements, constituted the established view, against which the Ionian proto-scientists of the sixth century were sharply reacting, but to which (not surprisingly) they were also indebted. There are no discontinuities in this kind of history, without accompanying partial continuities, which are also part of the story. It makes sense to focus, at the outset, exclusively on Homer and Hesiod, but the reader should remember that they were not the products of a static or self-contained society.

Thales, an engineer by trade, was the first of the Seven Sages, or wise men of Ancient Greece. Thales is known as the first Greek philosopher, mathematician and scientist. He founded the geometry of lines, so is given credit for introducing abstract geometry. It is possible that Thales has been given credit for discoveries that were not really his. He is known for his theoretical as well as practical understanding of geometry. Thales is acknowledged by a number of sources as the one who defined the constellation Ursa Minor and used it for navigation. Some believe he wrote a book on navigation, but it has never been found.

Aristotle is a towering figure in ancient Greek philosophy, making contributions to logic, metaphysics, mathematics, physics, biology, botany, ethics, politics, agriculture, medicine, dance and theatre. He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates. He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Plato’s theory of forms. Aristotle sees the universe as a scale lying between the two extremes: form without matter is on one end, and matter without form is on the other end. The passage of matter into form must be shown in its various stages in the world of nature. To do this is the object of Aristotle’s physics, or philosophy of nature. It is important to keep in mind that the passage from form to matter within nature is a movement towards ends or purposes. Everything in nature has its end and function, and nothing is without its purpose. Everywhere we find evidences of design and rational plan. No doctrine of physics can ignore the fundamental notions of motion, space, and time. Motion is the passage of matter into form, and it is of four kinds: (1) motion which affects the substance of a thing, particularly its beginning and its ending; (2) motion which brings about changes in quality; (3) motion which brings about changes in quantity, by increasing it and decreasing it; and (4) motion which brings about locomotion, or change of place. Of these the last is the most fundamental and important.
Aristotle rejects the definition of space as the void. Empty space is an impossibility. Hence, too, he disagrees with the view of Plato and the Pythagoreans that the elements are composed of geometrical figures. Space is defined as the limit of the surrounding body towards what is surrounded. Time is defined as the measure of motion in regard to what is earlier and later. It thus depends for its existence upon motion. If there where no change in the universe, there would be no time. Since it is the measuring or counting of motion, it also depends for its existence on a counting mind. If there were no mind to count, there could be no time. As to the infinite divisibility of space and time, and the paradoxes proposed byZeno, Aristotle argues that space and time are potentially divisible ad infinitum, but are not actually so divided.
After these preliminaries, Aristotle passes to the main subject of physics, the scale of being. The first thing to notice about this scale is that it is a scale of values. What is higher on the scale of being is of more worth, because the principle of form is more advanced in it. Species on this scale are eternally fixed in their place, and cannot evolve over time. The higher items on the scale are also more organized. Further, the lower items are inorganic and the higher are organic. The principle which gives internal organization to the higher or organic items on the scale of being is life, or what he calls the soul of the organism. Even the human soul is nothing but the organization of the body. Plants are the lowest forms of life on the scale, and their souls contain a nutritive element by which it preserves itself. Animals are above plants on the scale, and their souls contain an appetitive feature which allows them to have sensations, desires, and thus gives them the ability to move. The scale of being proceeds from animals to humans. The human soul shares the nutritive element with plants, and the appetitive element with animals, but also has a rational element which is distinctively our own. The details of the appetitive and rational aspects of the soul are described in the following two sections.

Saligang Batas (Article 1)

ARTIKULO   I

ANG PAMBANSANG TERITORYO
(National Territory)

    Ang pambansang teritoryo ay binubuo ng kapuluang Pilipinas, kasama ang lahat ng mga pulo at mga karagatan na nakapaloob dito, at lahat ng iba pang mga teritoryo na nasa ganap na kapangyarihan o hurisdiksyon ng Pilipinas, na binubuo ng mga kalupaan, katubigan, at himpapawirin nito, kasama ang dagat teritoryal, ang lalim ng dagat, ang kailaliman ng lupa, ang mga kalapagang insular, at ang iba pang mga pook submarina nito.  Ang mga karagatang nakapaligid, nakapagitan at nag-uugnay sa mga pulo ng kapuluan, maging ano man ang lawak at mga dimensyon ay nag-aanyong bahagi ng panloob na karagatan ng Pilipinas.